Ivar *
class_copyIvarList(Class cls, unsigned int *outCount)
{
    const ivar_list_t *ivars;
    Ivar *result = nil;
    unsigned int count = 0;

    if (!cls) {
        if (outCount) *outCount = 0;
        return nil;
    }

    mutex_locker_t lock(runtimeLock);

    assert(cls->isRealized());

    if ((ivars = cls->data()->ro->ivars)  &&  ivars->count) {
        result = (Ivar *)malloc((ivars->count+1) * sizeof(Ivar));

        for (auto& ivar : *ivars) {
            if (!ivar.offset) continue;  // anonymous bitfield
            result[count++] = &ivar;
        }
        result[count] = nil;
    }

    if (outCount) *outCount = count;
    return result;
}

objc_property_t *
class_copyPropertyList(Class cls, unsigned int *outCount)
{
    if (!cls) {
        if (outCount) *outCount = 0;
        return nil;
    }

    mutex_locker_t lock(runtimeLock);

    checkIsKnownClass(cls);
    assert(cls->isRealized());

    auto rw = cls->data();

    property_t **result = nil;
    unsigned int count = rw->properties.count();
    if (count > 0) {
        result = (property_t **)malloc((count + 1) * sizeof(property_t *));

        count = 0;
        for (auto& prop : rw->properties) {
            result[count++] = ∝
        }
        result[count] = nil;
    }

    if (outCount) *outCount = count;
    return (objc_property_t *)result;
}

struct class_ro_t {
    uint32_t flags;
    uint32_t instanceStart;
    uint32_t instanceSize;
#ifdef __LP64__
    uint32_t reserved;
#endif

    const uint8_t * ivarLayout;

    const char * name;
    method_list_t * baseMethodList;
    protocol_list_t * baseProtocols;
    const ivar_list_t * ivars;

    const uint8_t * weakIvarLayout;
    property_list_t *baseProperties;

    method_list_t *baseMethods() const {
        return baseMethodList;
    }
};

struct class_rw_t {
    // Be warned that Symbolication knows the layout of this structure.
    uint32_t flags;
    uint32_t version;

    const class_ro_t *ro;

    method_array_t methods;
    property_array_t properties;
    protocol_array_t protocols;

    Class firstSubclass;
    Class nextSiblingClass;

    char *demangledName;

#if SUPPORT_INDEXED_ISA
    uint32_t index;
#endif
}

static void methodizeClass(Class cls)
{
    runtimeLock.assertLocked();

    bool isMeta = cls->isMetaClass();
    auto rw = cls->data();
    auto ro = rw->ro;

    // =======================================
        // 省略.....
    // =======================================

    property_list_t *proplist = ro->baseProperties;
    if (proplist) {
        rw->properties.attachLists(&proplist, 1);
    }

    // =======================================
        // 省略.....
    // =======================================

    // Attach categories.
    category_list *cats = unattachedCategoriesForClass(cls, true /*realizing*/);
    attachCategories(cls, cats, false /*don't flush caches*/);

    // =======================================
        // 省略.....
    // =======================================

    if (cats) free(cats);

}

property_list_t *proplist = ro->baseProperties;
if (proplist) {
  rw->properties.attachLists(&proplist, 1);
}

/// category 被附加进去
void attachLists(List* const * addedLists, uint32_t addedCount) {
        if (addedCount == 0) return;

        if (hasArray()) {
            // many lists -> many lists
            uint32_t oldCount = array()->count;
            uint32_t newCount = oldCount + addedCount;
            setArray((array_t *)realloc(array(), array_t::byteSize(newCount)));
            array()->count = newCount;

            // 将旧内容移动偏移量 addedCount 然后将 addedLists copy 到起始位置
            /*
                struct array_t {
                        uint32_t count;
                        List* lists[0];
                        };
            */
            memmove(array()->lists + addedCount, array()->lists, 
                    oldCount * sizeof(array()->lists[0]));
            memcpy(array()->lists, addedLists, 
                   addedCount * sizeof(array()->lists[0]));
        }
        else if (!list  &&  addedCount == 1) {
            // 0 lists -> 1 list
            list = addedLists[0];
        } 
        else {
            // 1 list -> many lists
            List* oldList = list;
            uint32_t oldCount = oldList ? 1 : 0;
            uint32_t newCount = oldCount + addedCount;
            setArray((array_t *)malloc(array_t::byteSize(newCount)));
            array()->count = newCount;
            if (oldList) array()->lists[addedCount] = oldList;
            memcpy(array()->lists, addedLists, 
                   addedCount * sizeof(array()->lists[0]));
        }
    }

static void 
attachCategories(Class cls, category_list *cats, bool flush_caches)
{
    if (!cats) return;
    if (PrintReplacedMethods) printReplacements(cls, cats);

    bool isMeta = cls->isMetaClass();

    // fixme rearrange to remove these intermediate allocations
    method_list_t **mlists = (method_list_t **)
        malloc(cats->count * sizeof(*mlists));
    property_list_t **proplists = (property_list_t **)
        malloc(cats->count * sizeof(*proplists));
    protocol_list_t **protolists = (protocol_list_t **)
        malloc(cats->count * sizeof(*protolists));

    // Count backwards through cats to get newest categories first
    int mcount = 0;
    int propcount = 0;
    int protocount = 0;
    int i = cats->count;
    bool fromBundle = NO;
    while (i--) {
        auto& entry = cats->list[i];

        method_list_t *mlist = entry.cat->methodsForMeta(isMeta);
        if (mlist) {
            mlists[mcount++] = mlist;
            fromBundle |= entry.hi->isBundle();
        }

        property_list_t *proplist = 
            entry.cat->propertiesForMeta(isMeta, entry.hi);
        if (proplist) {
            proplists[propcount++] = proplist;
        }

        protocol_list_t *protolist = entry.cat->protocols;
        if (protolist) {
            protolists[protocount++] = protolist;
        }
    }
    auto rw = cls->data();

    // 注意下面的代码，上面采用倒叙遍历方式，所以后编译的 category 会先add到数组的前部
    prepareMethodLists(cls, mlists, mcount, NO, fromBundle);
    rw->methods.attachLists(mlists, mcount);
    free(mlists);
    if (flush_caches  &&  mcount > 0) flushCaches(cls);

    rw->properties.attachLists(proplists, propcount);
    free(proplists);

    rw->protocols.attachLists(protolists, protocount);
    free(protolists);
}

typedef struct method_t *Method;

using MethodListIMP = IMP;

struct method_t {
    SEL name;
    const char *types;
    MethodListIMP imp;
};

void
load_images(const char *path __unused, const struct mach_header *mh)
{
    // Return without taking locks if there are no +load methods here.
    if (!hasLoadMethods((const headerType *)mh)) return;

    recursive_mutex_locker_t lock(loadMethodLock);

    // Discover load methods
    {
        mutex_locker_t lock2(runtimeLock);
        prepare_load_methods((const headerType *)mh);
    }

    // Call +load methods (without runtimeLock - re-entrant)
    call_load_methods();
}

void call_load_methods(void)
{
    static bool loading = NO;
    bool more_categories;

    loadMethodLock.assertLocked();

    // Re-entrant calls do nothing; the outermost call will finish the job.
    if (loading) return;
    loading = YES;

    void *pool = objc_autoreleasePoolPush();

    do {
        // 1\. Repeatedly call class +loads until there aren't any more
        while (loadable_classes_used > 0) {
            call_class_loads();
        }

        // 2\. Call category +loads ONCE
        more_categories = call_category_loads();

        // 3\. Run more +loads if there are classes OR more untried categories
    } while (loadable_classes_used > 0  ||  more_categories);

    objc_autoreleasePoolPop(pool);

    loading = NO;
}

void _class_initialize(Class cls)
{
    assert(!cls->isMetaClass());

    Class supercls;
    bool reallyInitialize = NO;

    // Make sure super is done initializing BEFORE beginning to initialize cls.
    // See note about deadlock above.
    supercls = cls->superclass;
    if (supercls  &&  !supercls->isInitialized()) {
        _class_initialize(supercls);
    }

    // Try to atomically set CLS_INITIALIZING.
    {
        monitor_locker_t lock(classInitLock);
        if (!cls->isInitialized() && !cls->isInitializing()) {
            cls->setInitializing();
            reallyInitialize = YES;
        }
    }

    if (reallyInitialize) {
        // We successfully set the CLS_INITIALIZING bit. Initialize the class.

        // Record that we're initializing this class so we can message it.
        _setThisThreadIsInitializingClass(cls);

        if (MultithreadedForkChild) {
            // LOL JK we don't really call +initialize methods after fork().
            performForkChildInitialize(cls, supercls);
            return;
        }

        // Send the +initialize message.
        // Note that +initialize is sent to the superclass (again) if 
        // this class doesn't implement +initialize. 2157218
        if (PrintInitializing) {
            _objc_inform("INITIALIZE: thread %p: calling +[%s initialize]",
                         pthread_self(), cls->nameForLogging());
        }

        // Exceptions: A +initialize call that throws an exception 
        // is deemed to be a complete and successful +initialize.
        //
        // Only __OBJC2__ adds these handlers. !__OBJC2__ has a
        // bootstrapping problem of this versus CF's call to
        // objc_exception_set_functions().
#if __OBJC2__
        @try
#endif
        {
            callInitialize(cls);

            if (PrintInitializing) {
                _objc_inform("INITIALIZE: thread %p: finished +[%s initialize]",
                             pthread_self(), cls->nameForLogging());
            }
        }
#if __OBJC2__
        @catch (...) {
            if (PrintInitializing) {
                _objc_inform("INITIALIZE: thread %p: +[%s initialize] "
                             "threw an exception",
                             pthread_self(), cls->nameForLogging());
            }
            @throw;
        }
        @finally
#endif
        {
            // Done initializing.
            lockAndFinishInitializing(cls, supercls);
        }
        return;
    }

    else if (cls->isInitializing()) {
        // We couldn't set INITIALIZING because INITIALIZING was already set.
        // If this thread set it earlier, continue normally.
        // If some other thread set it, block until initialize is done.
        // It's ok if INITIALIZING changes to INITIALIZED while we're here, 
        //   because we safely check for INITIALIZED inside the lock 
        //   before blocking.
        if (_thisThreadIsInitializingClass(cls)) {
            return;
        } else if (!MultithreadedForkChild) {
            waitForInitializeToComplete(cls);
            return;
        } else {
            // We're on the child side of fork(), facing a class that
            // was initializing by some other thread when fork() was called.
            _setThisThreadIsInitializingClass(cls);
            performForkChildInitialize(cls, supercls);
        }
    }

    else if (cls->isInitialized()) {
        // Set CLS_INITIALIZING failed because someone else already 
        //   initialized the class. Continue normally.
        // NOTE this check must come AFTER the ISINITIALIZING case.
        // Otherwise: Another thread is initializing this class. ISINITIALIZED 
        //   is false. Skip this clause. Then the other thread finishes 
        //   initialization and sets INITIALIZING=no and INITIALIZED=yes. 
        //   Skip the ISINITIALIZING clause. Die horribly.
        return;
    }

    else {
        // We shouldn't be here. 
        _objc_fatal("thread-safe class init in objc runtime is buggy!");
    }
}

void callInitialize(Class cls)
{
    ((void(*)(Class, SEL))objc_msgSend)(cls, SEL_initialize);
    asm("");
}

NSObject *p = [[NSObject alloc] init];
__weak NSObject *p1 = p;
// ====> 底层是runtime的 objc_initWeak
// xcrun -sdk iphoneos clang -arch arm64 -rewrite-objc -fobjc-arc -fobjc-runtime=ios-13.2 main.m 得不到下面的代码，还是说命令参数不对。
NSObject objc_initWeak(&p, 对象指针);

id
objc_initWeakOrNil(id *location, id newObj)
{
    if (!newObj) {
        *location = nil;
        return nil;
    }

    return storeWeak<DontHaveOld, DoHaveNew, DontCrashIfDeallocating>
        (location, (objc_object*)newObj);
}

struct SideTable {
    // 自旋锁
    spinlock_t slock;
    // 引用计数
    RefcountMap refcnts;
    // weak 引用
    weak_table_t weak_table;
}

struct weak_table_t {
    // 保存了所有指向指定对象的 weak 指针
    weak_entry_t *weak_entries;
    // 存储空间
    size_t    num_entries;
    // 参与判断引用计数辅助量
    uintptr_t mask;
    // hash key 最大偏移值
    uintptr_t max_hash_displacement;
};

static SideTable *tableForPointer(const void *p)

static StripedMap<SideTable>& SideTables() {
    return *reinterpret_cast<StripedMap<SideTable>*>(SideTableBuf);
}

reinterpret_cast <new_type> (expression)

typedef objc_object ** weak_referrer_t;

struct weak_entry_t {
    DisguisedPtr<objc_object> referent;
    union {
        struct {
            weak_referrer_t *referrers;
            uintptr_t        out_of_line : 1;
            uintptr_t        num_refs : PTR_MINUS_1;
            uintptr_t        mask;
            uintptr_t        max_hash_displacement;
        };
        struct {
            // out_of_line=0 is LSB of one of these (don't care which)
            weak_referrer_t  inline_referrers[WEAK_INLINE_COUNT];
        };
 }

void
weak_unregister_no_lock(weak_table_t *weak_table, id referent_id, 
                        id *referrer_id)
{
    objc_object *referent = (objc_object *)referent_id;   //  0x11223344
    objc_object **referrer = (objc_object **)referrer_id; //  0x77889900

    weak_entry_t *entry;

    if (!referent) return;

    // 从 weak_table 中找到 referent 也就是上面类A的实例对象
    if ((entry = weak_entry_for_referent(weak_table, referent))) {
        // 在 entry 结构体中的 referrers 数组中找到指针 referrer 所在位置
        // 将原本存储 referrer 值的位置置为 nil，相当于做了一个解绑操作
        // 因为 referrer 要和其他对象建立关系了
        remove_referrer(entry, referrer);
        bool empty = true;
        if (entry->out_of_line()  &&  entry->num_refs != 0) {
            empty = false;
        }
        else {
            for (size_t i = 0; i < WEAK_INLINE_COUNT; i++) {
                if (entry->inline_referrers[i]) {
                    empty = false; 
                    break;
                }
            }
        }

        if (empty) {
            weak_entry_remove(weak_table, entry);
        }
    }

    // Do not set *referrer = nil. objc_storeWeak() requires that the 
    // value not change.
}

#import <objc/runtime.h>

static NSString * const kKeyOfImageProperty;

@implementation UIView (Image)

- (UIImage *)pt_image {
    return objc_getAssociatedObject(self, &kKeyOfImageProperty);
}

- (void)setPTImage:(UIImage *)image {
    objc_setAssociatedObject(self, &kKeyOfImageProperty, image,OBJC_ASSOCIATION_RETAIN);
}
@end

id _object_get_associative_reference(id object, void *key) {
    id value = nil;
    uintptr_t policy = OBJC_ASSOCIATION_ASSIGN;
    {
        AssociationsManager manager;
        // manager.associations() 返回的是一个 `AssociationsHashMap` 对象(*_map)
        // 所以这里 `&associations` 中用了 `&`
        AssociationsHashMap &associations(manager.associations());
        // intptr_t 是为了兼容平台，在64位的机器上，intptr_t和uintptr_t分别是long int、unsigned long int的别名；在32位的机器上，intptr_t和uintptr_t分别是int、unsigned int的别名
        // DISGUISE 内部对指针做了 ~ 取反操作，“伪装”？
        disguised_ptr_t disguised_object = DISGUISE(object);
        /*
         AssociationsHashMap 继承自 unordered_map，存储 key-value 的组合
         iterator find ( const key_type& key )，如果 key 存在，则返回key对象的迭代器，
         如果key不存在，则find返回 unordered_map::end；因此可以通过 `map.find(key) == map.end()`
         判断 key 是否存在于当前 map 中。
         */
        AssociationsHashMap::iterator i = associations.find(disguised_object);
        if (i != associations.end()) {
            /*
                unordered_map 的键值分别是迭代器的first和second属性。
                所以说上面先通过 object 对象(实例对象or类对象) 找到其所有关联对象
                i->second 取到又是一个 ObjectAssociationMap
                此刻再通过我们自己设定的 key 来查找对应的关联属性值，不过使用
                `ObjcAssociation` 封装的
             */
            ObjectAssociationMap *refs = i->second;
            ObjectAssociationMap::iterator j = refs->find(key);
            if (j != refs->end()) {
                ObjcAssociation &entry = j->second;
                value = entry.value();
                policy = entry.policy();
                // 如果策略是 getter retain ，注意这里留个坑
                // 平常 OBJC_ASSOCIATION_RETAIN = 01401
                // OBJC_ASSOCIATION_GETTER_RETAIN = (1 << 8)
                if (policy & OBJC_ASSOCIATION_GETTER_RETAIN) {
                    // TODO: 有学问
                    objc_retain(value);
                }
            }
        }
    }
    if (value && (policy & OBJC_ASSOCIATION_GETTER_AUTORELEASE)) {
        objc_autorelease(value);
    }
    return value;
}

void _object_set_associative_reference(id object, void *key, id value, uintptr_t policy) {
    // retain the new value (if any) outside the lock.
    ObjcAssociation old_association(0, nil);
    // 如果value对象存在，则进行retain or copy 操作
    id new_value = value ? acquireValue(value, policy) : nil;
    {
        AssociationsManager manager;
        // manager.associations() 返回的是一个 `AssociationsHashMap` 对象(*_map)
        // 所以这里 `&associations` 中用了 `&`
        AssociationsHashMap &associations(manager.associations());
        // intptr_t 是为了兼容平台，在64位的机器上，intptr_t和uintptr_t分别是long int、unsigned long int的别名；在32位的机器上，intptr_t和uintptr_t分别是int、unsigned int的别名
        // DISGUISE 内部对指针做了 ~ 取反操作，“伪装”
        disguised_ptr_t disguised_object = DISGUISE(object);
        if (new_value) {
            // break any existing association.
            /*
             AssociationsHashMap 继承自 unordered_map，存储 key-value 的组合
             iterator find ( const key_type& key )，如果 key 存在，则返回key对象的迭代器，
             如果key不存在，则find返回 unordered_map::end；因此可以通过 `map.find(key) == map.end()`
             判断 key 是否存在于当前 map 中。
             */
            AssociationsHashMap::iterator i = associations.find(disguised_object);
            // 这里和get操作不同，set操作时如果查询到对象没有关联对象，那么这一次设值是第一次，
            // 所以会创建一个新的 ObjectAssociationMap 用来存储实例对象的所有关联属性
            if (i != associations.end()) {
                // secondary table exists
                /*
                    unordered_map 的键值分别是迭代器的first和second属性。
                    所以说上面先通过 object 对象(实例对象or类对象) 找到其所有关联对象
                    i->second 取到又是一个 ObjectAssociationMap
                    此刻再通过我们自己设定的 key 来查找对应的关联属性值，不过使用
                    `ObjcAssociation` 封装的
                 */
                ObjectAssociationMap *refs = i->second;
                ObjectAssociationMap::iterator j = refs->find(key);
                // 关联属性用 ObjcAssociation 结构体封装
                if (j != refs->end()) {
                    old_association = j->second;
                    j->second = ObjcAssociation(policy, new_value);
                } else {
                    (*refs)[key] = ObjcAssociation(policy, new_value);
                }
            } else {
                // create the new association (first time).
                ObjectAssociationMap *refs = new ObjectAssociationMap;
                associations[disguised_object] = refs;
                (*refs)[key] = ObjcAssociation(policy, new_value);
                // 知识点是：newisa.has_assoc = true;
                object->setHasAssociatedObjects();
            }
        } else {
            // setting the association to nil breaks the association.
            AssociationsHashMap::iterator i = associations.find(disguised_object);
            if (i !=  associations.end()) {
                ObjectAssociationMap *refs = i->second;
                ObjectAssociationMap::iterator j = refs->find(key);
                if (j != refs->end()) {
                    old_association = j->second;
                    refs->erase(j);
                }
            }
        }
    }
    // release the old value (outside of the lock).
    if (old_association.hasValue()) ReleaseValue()(old_association);
}

// 发送通知
[[NSNotificationCenter defaultCenter] addObserver:self selector:@selector(handleNotification:) name:@"TestNotification" object:@1];
// 接收通知
[NSNotificationCenter.defaultCenter postNotificationName:@"TestNotification" object:nil];